Влияние человеческого фактора на надёжность тормозного оборудования поезда

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article considers the human factor influence on trouble-free operation of brake equipment of trains. The study was carried out by an analytical method, based on the statistics of equipment failures, assessment of implementation of the current rules for railway rolling stock maintenance. The problem of the lack of an effective device for diagnosing the brake network of a train, which would provide control over its integrity and density in the course of traffic and during stops, is revealed. At the same time, it is also necessary to reduce time for measuring density of the brake network, the train to automate this process. Keywords: railway, traffic safety, braking equipment, train brake network density, reliability, human factor.Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).В статье рассмотрено влияние человеческого фактора на безотказную работу тормозного оборудования поездов. Исследование проведено аналитическим методом, опираясь на статистику отказов оборудования, оценки выполнения действующих правил технического обслуживания железнодорожного подвижного состава. Выявлена проблема отсутствия эффективного устройства диагностики тормозной сети поезда, которое обеспечивало бы контроль за её целостностью и плотностью по ходу движения и на стоянках. Вместе с тем необходимо и сократить время на замер плотности тормозной сети поезда, автоматизировать этот процесс

Vacuum-assisted laparostomy with staged peritoneal lavage in management of secondary postoperative diffuse peritonitis: a prospective comparative non-randomised clinical trial

Background. Secondary postoperative diffuse peritonitis (SPDP) associates with a high incidence of abdominal sepsis and 35–92% mortality rate. An optimal surgical doctrine in this complication in lacking to date.Objectives. An efficacy assessment of vacuum-assisted laparostomy (VAL) with staged lavage relative to relaparotomy on demand (RD) in SPDP patients.Methods. Patient enrolment and analyses were conducted within period 01.11.2017-31.12.2020, totalling for 141 SPDP patients, 77 (54.6%) males and 64 (45.4%) females aged 64.5 (5972.7) years. Cohort I patients (n = 52) had post-abdominal-lavage VAL using Suprasorb® SNP (SNP-1 and SNP-2) equipment and consumables (Lohmann & Rauscher GmbH, Austria). Staged lavage was performed 48-72 h apart. Cohort II (n = 78) had a standard RD  technique. Cohort III (n = 11) treatment included RD-to-VAL transition. The endpoint was the inpatient treatment outcome, a favourable completion or death. The additional estimated criteria were complications rate and severity (in ACCORDION-modified Clavien-Dindo classification), sepsis rate, C-reactive protein level, abdominal index dynamics, patient’s intensive-care and total-hospital lengths of stay.Results. Cohort I included 157 staged-lavage VALs, cohort II — 107 RDs, cohort III — 49 operations. The mortality rate was 3/52 (5.8%), 24/78 (30.8%) and 7/11 (63.6%) in cohorts I, II and III (respectively, p < 0.001). No difference was observed in the length of hospital stay, with a shorter intensive care stay after final abdominal closure in cohort I. Clavien — Dindo grade 3a complications were observed for 25.0% of cohort I, 60.3 and 45.5% — of cohorts II and III (respectively, p < 0.01); grade 3b complications were 0 (0%), 24.4 and 100% in cohorts I, II and III (respectively, p < 0.001; all 11 patients were reoperated). Multiple organ failure (grade 4b) was reported in 5.8, 30.8 and 63.6% of cohorts I, II and III (respectively, p < 0.001). By end of treatment, sepsis had resolved in 9/11 (81.8%) patients in cohort I, 5/24 (20.8%) and 1/6 (16.7%) — in cohorts II and III (respectively, p = 0.002).Conclusion. Programmed staged-lavage VAL is an optimal surgical treatment tactics in SPDP. Relative to RD, VAL provides a more effective management of local and systemic abdominal sepsis, lower mortality, fewer and less sever complications, shorter intensive care stays after abdominal closure

Comparative analysis of outcome predictors in patients with postoperative peritonitis depending on the method of surgical treatment – relaparotomy on demand vs vacuum-assisted laparostomy

Background: Secondary postoperative diffuse peritonitis (SPDP) is one of the most severe complications of elective and emergency surgical interventions associated with a high mortality rate. To date, no optimal tactics of surgical treatment of SPDP has been developed.Objective: The analysis of independent predictors of outcome depending on the method of surgical treatment – relaparotomy ondemand (RD) or vacuum-assisted laparostomy (VAL).Material and methods: The study included 141 adult patients, male and female in the period from January 2014 to December 2020: group I (n = 63) – patients who received VAL method; group II (n = 78) – RD method. The method of multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the independent effects of potential predictor variables on the treatment outcome.Results: The following independent predictors of treatment outcome in the RD group were identified: age, duration of hospital stay, number of relaparotomies, APACHE II score, Björck classification grade 1C at the 1st sanitation, bacteremia, Clavien–Dindo complications class 3a and 4a. For the VAL group: conversion of surgical tactics and bacteremia.Conclusion: In patients with SPDP in the presence of risk factors for unfavorable outcomes, the use of VAL with staged sanitation of the abdominal cavity is indicated

Epidemiological pattern of community-acquired respiratory tract infections of the conscripts in the North Fleet during a vaccine-challenged period

The formation of the new military units in the North fleet is accompanied by vaccination using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified. The accination coincides with periods of a rising number of army conscripts being taken ill with community-acquired infection of respiratory tracts: acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. We need to study is to ascertain whether there is the correlation between the periods of the increase in the number of ervicemen fallen ill with community-acquired infection of respiratory tracts and the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination. The study was carried out on the North fleet conscripts who were drawn blood samples from the ulnar vein before and after the vaccination using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified. The blood was examined for the presence of antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus using direct hemagglutination test. The health status of the vaccinated conscripts was under observation for 4 months, during which acute illnesses (acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia) were registered. Serologic testing demonstrated a high rate of immunological protection against diphtheria and tetanus before vaccination. After the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination, the number of conscripts, who were taken ill in the first month, was significantly higher compared to the following months. The conscripts, who fell ill, had high antibody titers against diphtheria and tetanus in the vaccine-challenged period. Vaccination of the servicemen using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified, is serologically unfounded; it leads to complications such as acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia during the vaccinechallenged period especially during the first month and less considerably during the following months

The multilevel trigger system of the DIRAC experiment

The multilevel trigger system of the DIRAC experiment at CERN is presented. It includes a fast first level trigger as well as various trigger processors to select events with a pair of pions having a low relative momentum typical of the physical process under study. One of these processors employs the drift chamber data, another one is based on a neural network algorithm and the others use various hit-map detector correlations. Two versions of the trigger system used at different stages of the experiment are described. The complete system reduces the event rate by a factor of 1000, with efficiency $\geq$95% of detecting the events in the relative momentum range of interest.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figure

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ВНЕБОЛЬНИЧНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ ДЫХАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕЙ В ПОСТВАКЦИНАЛЬНОМ ПЕРИОДЕ У ВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИХ ПО ПРИЗЫВУ В СЕВЕРНОМ ФЛОТЕ

The formation of the new military units in the North fleet is accompanied by vaccination using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified. The accination coincides with periods of a rising number of army conscripts being taken ill with community-acquired infection of respiratory tracts: acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. We need to study is to ascertain whether there is the correlation between the periods of the increase in the number of ervicemen fallen ill with community-acquired infection of respiratory tracts and the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination. The study was carried out on the North fleet conscripts who were drawn blood samples from the ulnar vein before and after the vaccination using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified. The blood was examined for the presence of antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus using direct hemagglutination test. The health status of the vaccinated conscripts was under observation for 4 months, during which acute illnesses (acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia) were registered. Serologic testing demonstrated a high rate of immunological protection against diphtheria and tetanus before vaccination. After the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination, the number of conscripts, who were taken ill in the first month, was significantly higher compared to the following months. The conscripts, who fell ill, had high antibody titers against diphtheria and tetanus in the vaccine-challenged period. Vaccination of the servicemen using Exhausted diphtheria tetanus vaccine, modified, is serologically unfounded; it leads to complications such as acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia during the vaccinechallenged period especially during the first month and less considerably during the following months.В Северном флоте формирование новых воинских коллективов сопровождается вакцинацией против дифтерии и столбняка АДС-М анатоксином. Это совпадает с периодами увеличения числа заболевших внебольничной инфекцией дыхательных путей: острым тонзиллитом, острым бронхитом, внебольничной пневмонией среди военнослужащих. Необходимо установить, связаны ли периоды увеличения внебольничной инфекции дыхательных путей у военнослужащих по призыву с вакцинацией АДС-М анатоксином. Исследования проводились на новобранцах Северного флота, у которых до и после введения АДС-М анатоксина брали кровь из локтевой вены. Взятый материал исследовался на наличие антител к дифтерии и столбняку методом реакции прямой гемагглютинации. Далее наблюдали за состоянием здоровья привитых в течение 4 месяцев, регистрируя острые заболевания: острый тонзиллит, острый бронхит и внебольничную пневмонию. Серологический контроль определил, что у новобранцев до вакцинации АДС-М анатоксином отмечается высокая иммунологическая защищенность против дифтерии и столбняка. После введения АДС-М анатоксина в первый месяц число заболевших призывников было достоверно выше, чем в последующие месяцы. У заболевших военнослужащих в поствакцинальном периоде внебольничной инфекцией дыхательных путей были высокие титры антител к дифтерии и к столбняку. Вакцинация АДС-М анатоксином военнослужащих серологически не обоснована; введение АДС-М анатоксина новобранцам ведет к осложненному течению поствакцинального периода, проявляясь острми заболеваниями в виде острого тонзиллита, острого бронхита, внебольничной пневмонии, более существенно в первый месяц и менее в последующие месяцы

First Measurement of the Transverse Spin Asymmetries of the Deuteron in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering

First measurements of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries of charged hadrons produced in deep-inelastic scattering of muons on a transversely polarized 6-LiD target are presented. The data were taken in 2002 with the COMPASS spectrometer using the muon beam of the CERN SPS at 160 GeV/c. The Collins asymmetry turns out to be compatible with zero, as does the measured Sivers asymmetry within the present statistical errors.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure